The expert system

The expert system – order logic 0 +

During the 1980s, AI researchers have specifically studied French on programming logic may give intelligence to computers. Thus has emerged the fuzzy logic, zero-order, order a (Prolog), epistemic, temporal, modal, etc.. Fuzzy logic, the first to appear (Mycin), has produced a number CrossFit Denver of expert systems. However, african mango it has the defect of not being natural: it progresses through the calculation, not reasoning. pro flight simulator The conclusions of the rules “soft” are assigned certainty factor on which the calculation will be exerted to achieve results. The automation of epistemic logic, modal and temporal are still the domain of research. Order logic has a through Prolog, to develop many programs for 20 years. It is now endangered, offering no apparent advantages over traditional procedural techniques, which in turn improves constantly.

This profusion of reflections on the wedding dresses reasoning was born a revolutionary software structure: the expert system. While traditional programs are pages and pages of encrypted text without visible organization, the expert system is a form of program divided into two radically different parts: a database of knowledge in a clear and responsible reasoning engine above to run this program. For thirty years we produced expert systems but very few of them deserve that name. They are written by programmers and have many defects.

In France Web Design Brisbane (University Paris VI) that the expert system has become a tool of great power, demonstrating that AI was not a chimera, with the appearance of an engine with the logic so-called “0 + order.” In this strange name, it is described in that our daily logic, which allows us to explain to others or to infer new facts. It was enough to program it, which was not difficult. Only French researchers have done (Pandora expert system) … then have forgotten, do not realize the scope of discovery. Yet it was the first to show the aspects “mental” claimed by Minsky: real thinking skills, ability to solve problems, to decide to learn and talk (“conversational”) based on reasoning, ability to explain what he “thinks” and even the ability to criticize knowledge by detecting contradictions (the “critical thinking” of Minsky). Its most famous representative was the generator of expert systems “Intelligence Service”, derived from commercial product marketed by Pandora Ssciétés GSI-TECS and Arcane, who sold hundreds of copies. The expert system of order 0 bmi calculator + and virility ex 1 tool is spel fully operational techniques from AI. At the same time, it is the first to have demonstrated the feasibility of what some call AI “strong”.

A method of producing expert systems: the “Maieutic”

In 1986, guest office chairs the French company Arcane, founded by Jean-Philippe de Lespinay, realized for the Bank of British Intelligence Service with the first expert system for financial investment advice operational history: Josephine, who had a great impact. At the time, an expert system called for a large team of computer for a year and cost at least $ 1 million. Josephine had been tour vietnam developed in such a short time with a method of obtaining knowledge imagined by Jean-Philippe de Lespinay: the “Maieutic”, named in honor of the Socratic method of the same name. Maieutics can only function with zero-order logic +, so with Intelligence at the time. The developer using this method and are familiar with the pay day loans Zero + is a skilled birth attendants. Maieutics was to describe the expertise of the expert to put in the software as a tree drawn on paper. Then the skilled birth extracted from these trees to be included in the rules Intelligence Service. For free ipad the first time in history, between the business expert – one who has the knowledge to put in the program – and the operational program itself, not computer. One intermediate: the skilled birth attendants. This intermediate could even disappear in favor of the expert after a few days, the method is intuitive.

Arcane in 1990 developed “Maïeutica” expert systems generator operator maieutics, with the help of Anvar (future OSEO). Maïeutica had its own engine of order O +, “Moca” and no longer based on Intelligence. The innovation lies in the fact that the generator does not allow the developer to write the rules himself. It was only a representation of the expertise of decision trees library written in the language of the expert. The generation and maintenance of the rules were made ​​automatically to avoid human error. In 2000, Maïeutica expanding its scope and application generator became known as T. Rex (“Tree Rules Extractor”). This tool is able to generate AI expert systems as a “dll” directly from the business expertise. It shows, for the first time that traditional programs can be developed as expert system, with the advantage of rapid development and maintenance electronic cigarette because there is no programmer.
maieutics, a technique AI Software Engineering

Any application consists of three parts:
- data
- one or more HMI (Human Machine Interface)
- an expertise-business

There are tools on the market for highly evolved to manage data and create GUI, intuitive so that some of them are within the reach of non-computer (Windev). But programming expertise has always sought a developer of computer competence. The combination of a tool like Denver Divorce Lawyer T. Rex, that automatically programs the expertise, lease cars the tools of data management and generation of HMI most “user friendly” binary options gives the equivalent of a programming language for solar power brisbane non computer.

Bibliography

* State of the Art of Artificial Intelligence in 1991 (section Science and Life in May 1991) by Jean-Philippe de cheap paint ball Lespinay
* ” Developing an expert system “by Michel Le Seac’h, 1989, in édiTests
* The Computer and ‘Intelligence , in,, The Turing machine, 1995. [], pp. 133-175

Ties and demonstrations
# (en) T. Rex , in Physiotherapy Brisbane Tree Logic commercial version on the Site Tree Logic
# Intelligent Agent : Click in the bubble of the home page of the Site Tree Logic
# Demonstrations of expert systems covering several areas of applications
articles, conferences and publications

* ” Developing an expert system “by Michel Le Seac’h, 1989, in édiTests
* Presentation “The 7 benefits of expert systems” (JP Lespinay) and exposed “the expert system Bank of Britain consulting financial investment” by Jean-Louis Préteseille Bank of Britain, the “International Workshop of Artificial Intelligence in 1987,” Congress Centre at Porte Maillot in Paris, June 17, 1987
* “maieutics: a method of achieving operational expert systems” in CESTA (Centre for the Study of Systems and Advanced Technologies, rue Descartes, Paris), November 19, 1987
Presentations * “Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems: Principles and benefits” and “maieutics: an AI oriented approach PMI” at the Symposium “The expert systems and LPNs, Realities and Perspectives “organized by SCBA (association for, promoting agriculture industry)
* “An expert system for Samsung Galaxy Nexus Accessories investment advice to the Bank of Britain” by Jean-Luc Préteseille the seventh week of French Direct Marketing at the Palais des Congrès in Paris
* Presentation on the IA-AIA symposium CIGREF of 14-15/12/1988
* Presentation at the 3rd European Symposium Fiabex (11-13 December 1990)
* Les Echos on 11 July 1986, page 2: “The artificial intelligence at home”
* 40 articles on the expert how to lose weight fast system Josephine (Bank of Britain): West France, Les Echos, Le Figaro, washtimes, The New Economist, The Cross, The Big Book of Marketing, Banking and Computers, electronic banking, Britain Economy, the journal of CXP, 01 IT, Banking Technology, Computers, Computer World, Resources / Real Time, Challenge, Science and Technology, Ilia, FTS, The Obs Economy, Courrier Cadres, Decision Data, Science et Vie best led tv Micro, Le Nouvel Observateur, Maintenance, Industries and Technology, French Technology merchant warehouse Survey, MOCI, Universe denver martial arts City, Newbiz (April 2002), Centre-Appels.com, etc..
* In 1990, after expertise, the Tax Credit Research software is granted to JP Lespinay by the Ministry of Industry and Research for her.
* In 1990, the Ministry of Industry and Research grants to JP chandeliers Lespinay, graduated from business school the title of “research technician” in AI.
* In 1990, assistance is given by Anvar Lespinay of JP Development of a prototype Maïeutica
· In 2000, the FCIC Anvar gives the label (” Mutual Fund Innovation “) to the JP of Lespinay to facilitate its search for investors.

THE EXPERT SYSTEM

Computer technology for the development of applications in everyday Life Insurance Quotes language, so suitable for all.

An expert system is a form of software to solve problems of all types by reproducing the electronic cigarettes reasoning of an expert and dialogue with its users. This is a critical breakthrough in artificial intelligence.

The expert system, defined in the early 1980s, consists of three parts:
- a rule-based (also known as knowledge base)
- an inference online casino engine
- a dialogue interface with the user

The rule base is a database. It contains the knowledge of one or more experts needed to solve a DUI Attorneys given problem type. It is written in the form of rules in this format: [If this is true then such other automatically becomes the] or auto insurance quotes [if such a thing as a value, while such other will automatically take such other value]. Examples:
- 100 day loans If it is then living mortal
- if his age in years = KNOWN THEN date of birth = date of today – the age in years.

Interest denver car accident lawyer of the expert system

For the developer, the interest of the expert system and half of the software (ie the rule base) is written in plain language, legible and understandable. This allows it to easily change, benefit-specific databases. However, be aware that changing a conventional program is the most difficult task for a computer and that it takes more time.

Contrary to the rule base, the inference engine is a program frozen, theoretically written once and for all, that the developer does not want to change. Its particularity, which makes him a tool within the artificial intelligence is the ability to make an argument like this. Its role is to record a question or Chicago immigration attorney information provided by sell diamonds a user and wow gold reason above using the rule base. Consider the following basic rules:

- The first rule: If it’s alive then it is fatal
- the second rule: If a man live so it’s
- the third rule: IF name = “Socrates” then he is a man

If the user asks: “Is it fatal?” The engine will know that he has three ways to find the solution and, if the user can not answer one he can always seek other. When the expert system should respond well to a question, we say that the engine runs backward chaining hot tub covers because, knowing the purpose, he must go back to find the paths to this goal.

With the free iPhone 4S information given by the user: name = “Socrates”, the engine will automatically deduct, without question, he is a man, it’s alive and it’s deadly. When the diabetes and foot ulcers expert system reasoning and data on starting him with no questions be asked at the outset, we say Invisible Fencing service and repair that the engine Relevant Life Policy works in forward chaining. Indeed, not knowing the end, he concluded all he can until he reception venues stops, unable to deduct more. At this point, if the rule base allows, financial assistance for single mothers it may decide to ask to use his reasoning and provide new deductions. If the user combines the two herbal incense – providing information while asking a question – the engine operates in mixed chaining. To be effective, an expert system should work in mixed chaining. Indeed, in the context of a backward chaining (ie on a point of departure), the forward chaining allows you to maximize the user responses and to deduce all the implications before deciding what question to ask . Thus it can avoid asking questions which he has found himself the answer and go much faster to the solution.

Advantages and disadvantages of expert system

The main advantage of this type of software is that it is able to digest considerable knowledge and exploit them just like an expert would, by conducting a meaningful dialogue with its users. This dialogue is called the Conversationnel.Aucune other form of software to date is able to offer such a service. The natural outlets of expert systems are: decision support

- Aid to diagnosis
- conversational software
- the software is constantly evolving
- the conservation of specific knowledge (Knowledge Management)
- Software Engineering (since they allow to write reliable programs readable by all).

The failure of the expert system is that almost all of the developers does not know the method for transforming the knowledge of an expert in a rule base or the engine to exploit this basis, although both existed since 1986 (the method “Maieutic” associated with the engine “Intelligence Service”). So, this is reserved for the knowledge engineer, ie a high-level computer, lack of appropriate method transforms the simple form of departure (rule-based engine +) in a complex very difficult to change and it is the only one to understand. Thus emerged the “meta-rules”, rules cogniticians specific area addressed by the expert system, whose role is to Bankruptcy tell a little good at reasoning engine what to do depending ski holidays on the situation. These achievements unsatisfactory, costly in time and money, and usually short-lived, marked the memory of the companies in the world, yet very demanding in their operating expertise. Thus expert systems are supposed to make computers more human and had generated a car insurance comparison lot of hope, lost their high side of the start and gradually became synonymous with bluff and inefficiency, bringing with them their the image fall of Artificial Intelligence. Today, many software systems experts are saying in the business industry and services without talking about.

The expert system returns in recent years in computer use, but so disguised: Some applications require hcg drops highly scalable to be updated frequently operate “business rules” or “business rules”. Again, this is to separate the “logic” Orlando bankruptcy attorney of the program – fairly stable and only the computer can control – the logic of “business” that is constantly evolving and that only the expert, renamed web hosts “business expert” control . The creation and updating of those rules, then the entire application, is reserved for the expert job and is supposed to be simple. But, again, this technique stalled, again for the same reason: ignorance of the method to collect and rules engine that can exploit them.

= Automation expert system logic

To reason, Alex Perry the engine of the expert system based on logic. There are several kinds of logic: propositional logic, predicates of order 1 and, epistemic, modal, temporal, fuzzy, etc. .. The engine is based on the simplest of “propositional logic of order 0.” The first was “Intelligence Service” in 1985, developed by the University Paris VI. This logic has the advantage of providing a rationale readily understandable to the user. Such an engine operates a rule-based stacked in any order and written in clear. He may make his deductions in everyday language as and as it produces them, clearly explain each of them, justify his questions, detect inconsistencies in data or in the rules, accept the changes of the opinion not resume dialogue to zero. This is by far the highest form of expert system. The other logical work most often with an argument of calculations involved, not to mention the meta-rules. Engines that operate them are still in the research. They can explain their reasoning or detect contradictions.

History of expert systems

The first expert system DENDRAL was in 1965. He was able to identify the chemical constituents of a material, but its rules were mixed with the Bins engine. The best known, perhaps, was MYCIN in 1972-73, the expert system diagnostic blood diseases, with a real engine and a real rule base. But the rules were likely affected by factors that gave each face a particular weight to others. The engine was a simple forward chaining while calculating the probabilities of each deduction, which made him unable builders brisbane to explain the logic of its operation and to detect contradictions. As experts, they had to find likelihood ratios for each of the conclusions of their rules, a process complicated and unnatural which denied their thinking skills.

Connections

- Article Science et Vie ” From zero to Zero more pointed “to Jean-Philippe de Lespinay, Science et Vie May 1991
- Demonstrations Traffic Control Course of expert systems on the site Tree Logic
- Pandora – Intelligence
- T. Rex ® Application Generator expert systems written in the form of order 0 car finance + commercial version of the site Tree Logic
- Prolog

This article is for beginners, of course, if you know the structure of a computer, you will not learn new things.

You do not already happened? or the first time? when you try to turn on your computer, nothing happens. Apart from the sound of the click of the switch, nothing happens, especially not panic.

To understand and analyze the failure of his computer, be aware that it is composed of different parts, more or less important. Before going into details, it is good to ask the right questions.

Some computer vendors or DIY, you will immediately say, “Sir, your CPU is burnt or your motherboard is faulty” and all that without opening the hood of your computer, which is totally outrageous.

One study found that 90% of cases, failures of computers are minor and do not buy new parts. Of course, some unsuspecting individuals will not fall on engagement rings a computer always honest.

Before passing the test, observe what happens. You press the switch, the fans run, power works.
means that the computer starts but the screen remains black, two choices, either the map screen is kidding or is poorly inserted, or more serious is that the motherboard is defective. And some manufacturers also have pre-programmed codes which appear with beeps (long, short) and for determining at what level is the breakdown. Following the rural land for sale test is valid only if the PC does not start and the fans do not rotate.

To begin, you must ensure that the power cables, drive out the necessary current to the power supply, and yes, it is not uncommon to find a cable which undergoes quenching, due to lightning or a surge spa cover of electricity network, may lose its conductive qualities and block the arrival of the current, or just a strip with a faulty switch, it has happened, I assure you.

Then we will look at the power supply, some are equipped with fuses, make sure it is not simply roasted, that is to say, make sure that the contact of the fuse is not broken. These fuses are easily enough to a store that sells electronics.

The easiest way to see if it’s your diet that is defective is to have on hand, a second power supply, or you have a second computer or a friend can lend you his power just to run a test.

If with another diet works! Just buy only one new food, whose price does not exceed 20 euros for a cheap food.
If the PC still does not start these tests, I would advise you to turn to a technician, best credit cards to and fro- this level, it would be dangerous at buy electronic cigarette this stage greensmoke to go further in this type of approach.

If I resolved, would do it only once a problem like this, and have saved a few dollars to your retailer of computers, I’d have fun.

 

 

 

Enhance Your Windows Computing Experience With HTC Weather Widget

Are you looking to make your computing experience awesome. Well if you are a Windows user and sick and tired of the static experience it has to offer, then we do have some good news for you. From now on, we will be covering some awesome widgets, free applications and tweaks that will elevate your computing experience for sure. Today everyone loves to have a smartphone and HTC Android / Windows phone seem to command the market after iPhone. However, for those of us looking to get their HTC love right from the comfort of their PC, then the HTC weather widget will be your natural choice for sure.

Since long the HTC Home clock and weather widget has brought the HTC style to Windows. Now HTC 3 Beta has been launched with additional features and new styles to make your desktop more visually appealing than ever before. Its new features include the option to set non-system time for clock widget, the ability to  launch multiple widgets separately in different styles on the desktop and a rich set of new skins. You will be prompted to set the location for the widget when it is launched for the first time. Choose Options from the right-click menu to set your location and configure widget features.

The General tab now provides the option  to set a non-system time by specifying a time zone. Another new feature is the size slider which allows managing the widget size to suite your needs. This is a replacement to the formerly used drop down menu which provided size options.

To enter a location, head over to the Weather tab and enter the name of your city. This is a replacement of the Location tab and now contains additional feature management options like the enabling of high and low temperature view, weather animation, etc. You can also use the Weather Refresh Interval slider at the bottom to adjust the time after which the widget should fetch new weather updates.

The Styles tab is another addition to HTC widget which contains multiple new styles. You can launch multiple instances of the widget with different styles with both analogue and digital display clocks. Once done with the settings, you can get the new and enhanced HTC style for your desktop.

It works on Windows Vista and Windows 7 (provided you have .Net Framework 4). According to the developer, it may also work with other Windows versions, however, this cannot be guaranteed.

12/1/11 Update

The Sierra de Guadarrama hidden in his heart lung intrahistorical silence of thousands of citizens who fought between equals for the defense of their liberties. Indelible lines in so much pain the scent is mixed black and white than forty years of censorship and repression of Spain in the node and the grace of God. Under cross 150 meters of both rivers lie in the unequal equal martyr Manrique seas. The posthumous speech syllables Franco shares his memories of thousands of families embraced the bitter pain of their fallen beings.

The burial of two cycles of history in one place, or in other thermal spurious correlation between cause and effect in the same premise, intellectual criticism invites us to reflect on the wound open for thirty-six years has been eating away at the civic culture of this country.
The immortality of memory as a feature of the social animal, as Aristotle put it, should be separated from the material sphere of historical symbols that provoke anger in the generational change of its viewers. The size of the ideological superstructures of art should not enter into a dialectic with its connotations infrastructure. The Valley of the Fallen illustrates the inconsistency between his Marxist ideological representation and its historical foundations. The victims of civil strife, or put another way, the negative effect of a war between equals eternal sleep side by side with the living speech of thousands of daily nostalgic visit the grave of his tyrant.

The historical ethics should be the main argument for withdrawal loudly cry of the common cause that explains the logic of the educational aspect of the “fallen”. In defense of Kantian ethics is irresponsible of the generalissimo’s daughter denied the transfer of the remains of his father at a place other than the current one. The presence of the corpse discordant with the historical causes of the rest put into question the lack of social understanding our past. The “victims of the war” without the ugly stain of Franco to serve the artistic and historical view of the moment to give structural coherence to the understanding of the monument. Until you do this exercise in political diligently continue entering and leaving the valley healthy emotionally wounded our sightseeing tour of the architectural work. The bad sounding words, spitting and insults from some visitors from the Republican side and vice versa call into question the political debate the need to achieve a conceptual alignment between historical fact and the message collective artistic pantheon.

The relocation of the corpse lights the flame on the successful pursuit of an architectural space to represent you. The legitimacy of its mandate for the “grace of God,” or put another way, the connotations of its mandate Catholic church to invite an exercise in line with its political past and its political arm to locate near their postulates divine. The location in any cemetery in Madrid receive criticism from Republicans lay misunderstood by sharing space with visitors nostalgic funeral of generalissimo. Franco The reburial will, no doubt, the occasional headache Mr. Rajoy and his, to the historical controversy raised by the government acting as Zapatero . Cicero said it best, man is the only mortal who is still alive in the minds of others. The collective memory of loved ones and civic ethics of the people will, as the saying goes, each in his place .